Marx himself claimed that this twofold nature of labour creating value was its main and most important contribution to economic science. Hence the twofold nature of living labour, as a concrete activity producing a use value and an expense of human labour in general producing exchange value. ![]() For Marx, insofar as the labour creating value represents a specific mode of exchanging the society's living labour, general and abstract labour cannot not only be defined as the substance or measure unit of the commodity, as in Smith or Ricardo, but foremost as an expense of living labour, i.e. Political economy on the contrary considers the labour only under the form of its product, and the exchange of products as commodities as the unique form of social. From his early economic works on, Marx conceived the labour of any kind of society as a set of production activities and analysed the historical modes of production as specific ways of distributing and exchanging these activities.
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